SHA-256 is the hashing algorithm used by Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies.
Sharding divides a blockchain into smaller segments (shards) to improve scalability.
Sidechain miners focus on secondary blockchains connected to the main chain.
A soft fork updates blockchain protocols while maintaining compatibility with old rules.
A stale block is mined simultaneously with another but excluded from the main chain.
Stranded gas is unused gas repurposed for Bitcoin mining instead of flaring.